近红外光谱分析技术应用于植物叶片研究综述

近红外光谱技术（Near Infrared Spectroscopy，NIRS）作为 20 世纪 80 年代后期迅速发展起来 的一项检测技术，已被广泛应用于许多植物的各个组织和各种成分的分析。文章综述了该技术在植物叶 片研究上的应用进展，包括基于叶片特征的植物种类鉴别、植物叶片病虫害诊断、育种材料选择、叶片 内含物质含量测定等 4 个方面，并对近红外光谱检测技术的应用于植物叶片研究前景进行了展望。     

基于农业物联网的改进型双门限频谱检测算法研究

农业物联网的出现,对信息化与农业现代化融合具有积极推动的作用。在农业物联网中信息传输是一个至关重要的环节,到目前为止,普通的3G和4G通信网络已经不能提供农业物联网中进行信息传递所需要的频谱资源,而认知无线电网络恰恰可以满足农业物联网的需求。它显著的特点就是可以发现未被授权用户利用的频谱,来供给未授权用户使用,提高了频谱资源的利用率。在认知无线电中,最重要的步骤就是进行频谱检测,笔者就是在双门限频谱检测算法的基础上提出一种新型算法。该算法适当地选取条件好的认知用户进行数据融合,并不是采纳所有认知用户的本地检测信息。仿真结果表明:本文提出的算法可有效提高认知无线电系统中频谱感知的性能,降低虚警概率,以更好地为农业物联网提供可用的频谱资源。     

Reconstructing mole tunnels using frequency-domain ground penetrating radar

The European mole (Talpa europaea L.) inhabits an underground tunnel system whereby the density, extent and condition of the subsurface tunnels are indicative of its activity. Currently, no survey method was able to reveal the spatial extent and condition of the mole's tunnel network. Frequency-domain ground penetrating radar (GPR) was evaluated on its potential to image these shallow tunnel systems. This technique allows for a non-invasive, high-resolution mapping of the subsurface. We examined the effectiveness of this GPR system for delineating the mole's tunnel network. The integration of different depth slices allowed a detailed overview of the tunnel system. Automatic feature recognition on these GPR images was proven valuable for the detection and representation of the mole tunnels. The GPR survey proved successful in mapping the mole's tunnel network, which facilitates the interpretation and characterization of the mole's living environment. This can be linked to the occurrence of earthworms, as the principle food source of the moles, which regulate important ecosystem processes within the soil. This offers new perspectives for the understanding of the mole's habitat.     

X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼中的镉

旨在建立一种基于X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼(原料鱼)中镉的方法。应用X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料鱼初始样及干燥样中的镉含量,对快速检测与标准检测结果的相关性进行了分析;考察了对原料鱼进行快速干燥处理的可行性;采用原料鱼的标准测定值对X射线荧光光谱仪进行校正后,考察了快速检测方法的精密度、检测限、准确度等性能参数。结果表明:X射线荧光光谱法能准确测定原料鱼干燥样中的镉,检测限达0.088 mg/kg,线性范围为0.088~1.286 mg/kg,相对标准偏差低于10%。该快速检测方法测定单个样品只需40 min左右,可满足现场对原料鱼中镉的快速测定要求,为防控原料鱼食品中镉超标风险提供了一种高效的筛查手段。     

Assessment of molecular detection of Fusarium circinatum in insects and passive spore traps in Pinus radiata plantations

Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pitch canker, a destructive disease that threatens natural and planted pine forests around the world. Although pitch canker has caused problems in Spain and Portugal, concerning Europe as a whole, the fungus is not established across the pine distribution area. Its dispersion by wind and/or insect vectors could nevertheless play a role in the colonization of currently uninfected stands. It is therefore crucial to develop monitoring tools for its detection. To this end, we assessed the molecular detection of the pathogen in environmental samples of bark beetles and passive spore traps, collected in two infected Pinus radiata plantations in Basque country, Spain. The spread pattern of F. circinatum was assessed by an experimental design that included insect and spore traps installed at the centre, at the edge and outside the plots. Our results showed that F. circinatum was detected in both types of samples, at almost all collection dates. In both type of samples, positive detections were mainly found at the centre of the plots, a lower proportion at the edge, and very few outside. This suggests that long‐distance dispersion of Fusarium circinatum does not rely on wind spore dispersal neither on insect flight. Our study also shows that molecular methods are a powerful tool to monitor the pathogen in environmental samples.     

猪胆囊中沙门菌L型的分离培养与invA基因检测

为了解猪胆囊中沙门菌L型携带情况,在贵阳市屠宰场采集970例健康生猪的胆囊组织与胆汁标本,用常规细菌学方法和非高渗分离培养法分离沙门菌及其细菌L型,用PCR和核酸序列分析方法对稳定L型纯培养物进行沙门菌的invA基因检测。结果显示,970例生猪胆囊标本未检出沙门菌细菌型,细菌L型检出率为8.25%;80例细菌L型分离物中有50例invA检测阳性,占5.15%;占细菌L型阳性分离物62.50%。研究结果为生猪胆囊沙门菌L型感染的流行病学及其检查提供了依据。     

数字PCR技术在动物疫病检测中的应用

为了支持动物疫病流行地区的控制及消除计划,以及在动物疫病非流行地区进行有效筛查,必须使用更加准确灵敏的诊断手段。数字PCR可实现绝对定量及痕量核酸的检测,与传统检测方法相比具有不依赖参考物或标准品、对抑制剂具有较高耐受性、灵敏度和精准度更高的优点。数字PCR作为一种定量分析的核酸检测新方法,在动物疫病检测中得到了应用,围绕数字PCR技术的原理、应用、存在的问题及发展趋势等进行综述及分析,为数字PCR在动物疫病检测中的进一步应用提供参考。     

大豆植株分杈数自动提取算法研究

根据大豆植株分杈个数可以预估大豆的产量。为了满足现代农业预测农产品产量的需要,本文提出一种大豆植株分杈数自动提取算法,即首先将采集到的大豆植株图片进行灰度变换、滤波、阈值分割得到二值图像,再进行形态学中的闭运算操作得到大豆植株的轮廓,然后基于Zhang并行快速细化算法提取骨架,最后借助改进的角点检测算法对大豆植株的所有分杈点进行标记并自动统计分杈数,仿真结果与大豆植株实际分杈点一致。     

茶多酚高通量检测技术研究进展

茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。     

Detection of cigarettes and other tobacco products by giant African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus)

If the illicit tobacco trade were eliminated, governments could gain at least $31.3 billion a year, and more than 164,000 premature deaths a year could be avoided after 2030 (Joossens, Merriman, Ross, and Raw, 2009). Dogs have been used successfully in tobacco control programs, and there is a good chance that rats could also play an important role. In the present experiment, giant African pouched rats were trained to respond to filters that had been stored together with cigarettes (i.e., soaked) and to not respond to filters that had been soaked with noncigarette items. Generalization to untrained types of tobacco was then tested. The sensitivity of 4 rats trained on filters soaked with 1 of 7 types of cigarettes ranged from 86% to 100% (mean, 95%). There was very little evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on tobacco leaves and snuff but good evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on cigarettes that had been soaked with strong-smelling additives. These findings suggest that rats may be a valuable asset in the global effort to control illicit cigarette trade.